Should I Buy Iodized or Non-Iodized Salt? — Good Questions | The Kitchn
Q: I recently ran out of table salt for my salt shaker. I went and bought Morton's Salt, but didn't know if I should choose iodized or non-iodized. I don't have any health or thyroid concerns, but I'm not really sure what the difference is and if it matters.
Read full article from Should I Buy Iodized or Non-Iodized Salt? — Good Questions | The Kitchn
The Best Roach Killer – How To Kill Roaches In Just One Week!
Exterminators – Definitely works, but helluva expensive. Cost can easily go over $100 depending on how extensive the infestation is. Eradication of nest is certainly possible with the help of exterminators.
Adhesive-based traps – These traps work like glue. Cockroaches will be attracted to them and get themselves stuck when they get in contact with the adhesive. Works for trapping the occasional roaches but doesn’t eliminate problem because the nest will be unaffected.
Poisonous roach baits – Works best and at low cost because the entire nest can be eradicated if done properly. (see My Story below for more details on this)
Read full article from The Best Roach Killer – How To Kill Roaches In Just One Week!
适合产妇吃的5种水果_适合,产妇,5种,水果,众所周知,产后,新妈妈,妈妈,需要,
2、橘子：
橘子中含维生素C和钙质较多，维生素C能增强血管壁的弹性和韧性，防止出血。产妇生孩子后子宫内膜有较大的创面，出血较多。如果吃些橘子，便可防止产后继续出血。钙是构成婴儿骨骼牙齿的重要成分，产妇适当吃些橘子，能够通过产妇的乳汁把钙质提供给婴儿，这样不仅能促进婴儿牙齿、骨骼的生长，而且能防止婴儿发生佝偻病。另外，橘核、橘络(橘子瓣上的白丝)有通乳作用，产妇乳腺管不通畅时，除可引起乳汁减少外，还可发生急性乳腺炎，影响对婴儿的喂养。吃橘子能够避免以上现象的发生。
3、山楂：
山楂中含有丰富的维生素和矿物质，对产妇有一定的营养价值。山楂中还含有大量的山楂酸、柠檬酸，能够生津止渴、散瘀活血。产妇生孩子后过度劳累，往往食欲不振、口干舌燥、饭量减少，如果适当吃些山楂，能够增进食欲、帮助消化、加大饭量，有利于身体康复和哺喂婴儿。另外，山楂有散瘀活血作用，能排出子宫内的瘀血，减轻腹痛。
4、红枣：
红枣中含维生素C最多，还含有大量的葡萄糖和蛋白质。中医认为，红枣是水果中最好的补药，具有补脾活胃、益气生津、调整血脉、和解百毒的作用，尤其适合产后脾胃虚弱、气血不足的人食用。其味道香甜，吃法多种多样，既可口嚼生吃，也可熬粥蒸饭熟吃。
5、桂圆：
桂圆又叫龙眼，是营养极其丰富的一种水果。中医认为，桂圆味甘、性平、无毒，入脾经心经，为补血益脾之佳果。产后体质虚弱的人，适当吃些新鲜的桂圆或干燥的龙眼肉，既能补脾胃之气，又能补心血不足。
Read full article from 适合产妇吃的5种水果_适合,产妇,5种,水果,众所周知,产后,新妈妈,妈妈,需要,
Infantino Sash Mei Tai Review - BabyGearLab
Read full article from Infantino Sash Mei Tai Review - BabyGearLab
Infantino Swift Classic Review - BabyGearLab
Read full article from Infantino Swift Classic Review - BabyGearLab
The Best of Infantino Baby Carriers - 2015 Reviews
At Infantino, the needs of the family come first. They strive to provide quality products that will make parenting easier and will help to promote healthy development for your baby. They are a small company that works hard to provide parents with peace of mind.
Their baby carriers are perfect for parents who aren't sure if they want a normal carrier or if they want something that will keep their babies closer.
The Infantino brand is affiliated with many mainstream stores and they have been featured many times in parenting articles. The best part, all the Infantino baby carriers come at a reasonable price.
The Infantino Sash helps to support children ergonomically which is important when using baby carriers. The Sash can be used for facing in, on the back, and on the hip placement.
The Pros
Read full article from The Best of Infantino Baby Carriers - 2015 Reviews
1990 年亏了 28 万美元，我是这样扛过来的 - 博客 - 伯乐在线
记得是 1990 年的某一天，我在看电脑的时候，突然发现我在股市中亏损了 28 万美元。那几乎是我的全部家当，而且再也回不来了。我颤抖着手关了电脑，离开了公司，驾车而去。开车，我没有方向地疯狂地开车。我只是在开车，只有在开车的时候，我才能不去想我损失的那些钱。最后，我发现自己到了康涅狄格州的 Mystic Pizza。于是我决定停下来，吃点披萨。我清楚地记得，当温热的奶酪涌入我的口中，泡沫在口中爆裂的时候，我所有被压抑的情感向洪水一样涌上了心头。
"你个白痴"，我心里暗骂，"为什么你要买那只股票呢？为什么你不在刚开始下跌时就把它卖了呢？为什么你这么愚蠢？你要是能早点抽身，所有消失的钱……"
我几乎把所有吃下去的披萨吐出来了。我就是一个废人。
后来，我开车回家的时候，想到了很多事情。第一件事情是，我不饿，再过一会，我也不会饿。我有一个好工作，下个星期就发工资了。 我的抵押贷款刚刚还掉。我损失的钱只跟我自己有关。与我的幸福，甚至是生存都无关，至少在当下这个时候。我回到家，开始思考我的人生，而不是那些钱。很长时间之后，我总结出了以下几点：
1) 呼吸
就像《龙威小子》里的 Miyagi 先生所说，"没有呼吸，就没有生命"。所以请保持呼吸。
2) 喝一大杯水
当事情变得很糟糕时，水不仅便宜，而且能让你保持健康。你的健康是最大的财富。如果你已经生病了，水也是最好的良药之一。
3) 去散个步吧
再说一下，散步也很便宜。你甚至不需要买运动鞋。散步能使你头脑清醒，让血液流通，帮助你保持健康。运动会给你一些灵感。你不可能每件事情都做，但是有些事情你可以做，散步就是你随时随地都可以做的事情。
4) 原谅自己
你是陪伴自己很长很长时间的那个人。你很后悔做了那件事情，让你失败，或者致你于失败的困境，永远不要说"你是个白痴、白痴、混蛋"。你不会容忍别人这样叫你的，为什么你要这样说自己呢？。永远不要对自己灰心。一句抱歉不会免除你的责任，这不是魔术。你必须要下定决心从错误中吸取经验，做一些弥补的措施。这就意味着你要制定一个计划，采取一些积极的行动。
5) 忘记后悔
不要说"要是我……"，而要对自己说"下一次我要……"。你永远都不可能改变过去。所以把你的精力集中在如何把你将来的生活变得更好。你今天做的每一件事情都是在为你将来的生活做准备。
6) 站到高处，让暴风雨洗礼
风暴中的小船不会从风暴中逃出来。它会变成海浪的一部分，让海浪冲击。有时候这些浪会引起危险，但最终都会过去的。当大浪来临，当麻烦来临，站到高处，面带微笑，任它洗礼，直至消散。好的事情不会永远持续，坏的情况也一样。如果情况很坏，也会改变的。记住：会过去的。
7) 如果你一定要生气，那就生气吧，但是情绪要恢复过来
不要把你的气撒在别人身上，或者上帝，还有你可怜的宠物。生气了，就砸破一个塑料瓶吧，或者是两个，但是当你清醒的时候，请继续前进。过去的事情已经结束了，要改变也不可能。
8) 学会接受
许多人在遭受重创后的结局是毁了自己的生活，因为他们既不能改变过去，也不能从重创中恢复过来。你必须要接受过去所发生的事情。很严肃地说，这是所有建议中最重要的一点（除了多喝点水）。休息一下，接受事情的本来面目，它们不是按照你所想象的那样发生的。忘记那些愚蠢的"公平"的想法。这个世界是心怀敌意的，它不会在意正义或者公平，对或错，有些事情发生了就是因为它会发生。你要习惯。
9) 继续前行
丘吉尔说过，"当你在通往地狱的时候，不要停下"。有时候行动本身就是答案。一成不变的工作或者停滞不前是一件很危险的事情。如果你总是重复地做某件事情，那么你的收获也是千篇一律，所以请继续前行。如果行不通，做一些超出你性格的事，一些随意的，出乎意料的事。你感到害怕了吗？非常棒。如果你不害怕，那你就是不够努力，或者没有冒足够的险，也没有学到新的东西。穆罕默德・ 阿里曾经说过，"你跌倒在地上不会使你失败，但是你躺在那里不动，你就会失败。要想成为一个冠军，你要做的是爬起身，再重新战斗一轮。"
10) 让时间来治愈你吧。任何伤口都会愈合
你也一样。失去了所有的钱之后，我做了什么？我买了一个度假屋。这样做，我在行动时就会有所忌惮，我一直告诉自己，成功是有可能的，我还是有希望获得成功的。灾难后不久，我便开始了新的工作，我买了新的公司，挣了百万块。
Read full article from 1990 年亏了 28 万美元，我是这样扛过来的 - 博客 - 伯乐在线
Best diapers, wipes and pails for babies - Buying Guide | Lucie's List
To save money, disposable diapers are best bought in bulk (see caveat below). For me, buying online is a worthwhile endeavor. I certainly don't want to schlep huge boxes of diapers all around town.
Do you want 15-20% off diapers, wipes, and other household "essentials" and free 2-day shipping? Umm, yeaah.
Amazon Family is a program I highly recommend, especially for working moms. With it, you get a free Amazon Prime subscription for 3 months, which means free 2-day shipping on all baby items, PLUS 15% off diapers, wipes, and household stuff (20% off for Subscribe & Save members, see below). After the 3 months is up, you can then purchase an Amazon Prime membership for $99 a year (sooo worth it) and keep chugging along, or you can opt out.
Most people will MORE than recoup the cost of the prime membership within a short while if you buy enough diapers/wipes/urgent birthday and Christmas gifts, etc., trrust me. Normal shipping fees for those kinds of things add up quickly in a year's time.
Read full article from Best diapers, wipes and pails for babies - Buying Guide | Lucie's List
The Battle for the Best Disposable Diapers | BabyGearLab
What is the top-performing disposable diaper and why? We took 24 disposable diapers and put them to the test in a bum to bum competition to find out. Eleven of the top green diapers and 13 traditional diapers were put through a series of tests designed to compare the diapers relative to each other. Our goal was to determine which diapers performed the best and if there was any real difference between store-label brands like Walmart's Parent's Choice and top-brands like Pampers and Huggies.Read full article from The Battle for the Best Disposable Diapers | BabyGearLab
Kirkland Signature Supreme Review - BabyGearLab
Read full article from Kirkland Signature Supreme Review - BabyGearLab
Difference in Pampers diaper versions | Pampers News | P&G.com
So many out there. What's the difference between them?
For more than 40 years, Pampers has provided protection for babies' skin. We're sure you'll find the Pampers version that's just right for you and your baby!
- Swaddlers, with a cloth-like, breathable backsheet, provide a soft, blanket-like diaper to wrap your infant in comfort and security. It has stretchy sides and adjustable fasteners for a snug and comfortable fit. And the diaper is contoured with less bulk through the legs. Available in Newborn, and Sizes 1, 2 and 2-3 with stretchy sides and tabs that can overlap.
- Swaddlers Sensitive, features breathable sides to help let more air to your child's skin and a wetness indicator strip down the center to help you know when to change your child. These features are designed for the care and comfort of your new baby. Available in Newborn, and Sizes 1 and 2.
- Cruisers, featuring a breathable, cloth-like backsheet, have stretchy sides to give your baby freedom to move and flex! It also offers a contoured fit, with less bulk through the legs, so your baby is free to walk, bend and crawl. They're available in Sizes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
- Baby Dry features our UltraAbsorb core for unbeatable leakage protection day and night. Like our other versions, Baby Dry has less bulk between the legs, breathable sides, and a cloth-like backsheet to give your little one a comfortable, snug fit. And the soft fasteners help you adjust and readjust the diaper as needed. This version is available in Sizes 1 through 6 and features Sesame Street designs.
- Easy Ups Trainers are the only pull-on training pants that let your child feel when they are wet by having a patented wet sensation liner inside. This helps your child learn when it's time to go potty. Easy Ups Trainers come in three sizes: 4 (16-34 lbs.), 5 (30-40lbs) and 6 (37+ lbs.) The trainers feature Diego for boys and Dora the Explorer and friends for girls.
-UnderJams Night Wear is designed to fit like underwear while providing privacy and protection. They feature super-stretchy sides and a version for both boys and girls. The thin absorbent core feels like underwear while providing protection where it 's needed most. Available in sizes S/M (38-65 lbs) and L/XL (58-85 lbs).
-Extra Protection is our newest version of Pampers. It's great for long trips in the car or overnight protection. The green Ultra Absorb core under the topsheet absorbs better with less bulk for unbeatable protection. Extra Protection is available in sizes 4 and 5.
Click on the link below to learn even more about what's new:
Read full article from Difference in Pampers diaper versions | Pampers News | P&G.com
Swaddlers Vs. Baby Dry | LIVESTRONG.COM
Swaddlers and Baby Dry are both varieties of diapers sold by Pampers, which is owned by Procter & Gamble. Both types are quite absorbent and will keep your infant dry and comfortable. Young infants, however, are more prone to diaper leaks than older babies. This is because they are on a liquid diet, so their solid waste is much softer than older babies, who have incorporated cereal or other table foods into their diets.
Both Baby Dry and Swaddlers are absorbent, but each type of diaper has different absorbency methods. Baby Dry boasts 12 hours of dryness for your baby, which is useful for overnight diapering or on longer car trips. Swaddlers now has Pamper's newest innovation in absorbency, Dry Max. Dry Max is an absorbent gel inside the lining of the diaper that sucks up moisture even more efficiently than the absorbent fluffy pulp in other diapers.
Read full article from Swaddlers Vs. Baby Dry | LIVESTRONG.COM
【问底】徐汉彬：大规模网站架构的缓存机制和几何分形学-CSDN.NET
1. 域名转为IP地址（域名服务器DNS缓存）
我们知道域名其实只是一个别名，真实的服务器请求地址，实际上是一个IP地址。获得IP地址的方式，就是查询DNS映射表。虽然这是一个非常简单的查询， 但如果每次用户访问一个url都去查询DNS一次，未免显得太频繁，会产生一个可怕的访问量级。DNS服务器会告诉你，你别老是经常过来，万一我挂了，我们就无法愉快地玩耍了。
各个浏览器的缓存时间，会有一定的差别。例如，在chrome浏览器中查看dns的缓存时间的方式是：chrome://net-internals/#dns。
Read full article from 【问底】徐汉彬：大规模网站架构的缓存机制和几何分形学-CSDN.NET
How to find the best Amazon Subscribe and Save deals? Here's how.
This feature here at The Coupon Project rounds up the best Amazon Subscribe & Save deals from their gigantic list of eligible Subscribe & Save items. We'll keep this list updated at least once a week, but you can find the deals at any time by clicking the button in the sidebar.
The latest deals include Larabars, Kashi cereal, Quilted Northern bath tissue, and lots more. New deals this week are highlighted in yellow.
For an overview on how Amazon Subscribe & Save works, read my post on How to Maximize Your Savings with Amazon Subscribe & Save.
Please note: Amazon's prices and coupons are constantly changing, so the products and prices you see listed here may not last. We'll update this post at least once a week as well as give you the heads up on popular deals that may sell out quickly.
Don't forget! You'll save 15% instead of the usual 5% when you receive 5 or more subscriptions on your monthly delivery day. Some of the deals listed here would work well as "fillers" to help maximize your savings.
To make your life a little easier, we've created bookmarks within the post so you can jump directly to your choice of category instead of having to scroll through the entire list. Enjoy!
Read full article from How to find the best Amazon Subscribe and Save deals? Here's how.
Using Growth Charts to Predict Diaper Needs | Baby Cheapskate
Size N: 6 or 7 jumbos
Size N diapers generally go up to 10 lbs. You'll change diapers OFTEN. Buy about a month's worth.
Size 1: 15+ jumbos
Size 1 diapers generally go up to 14 lbs. The baby will reach this weight at about 3.5 months.
Size 2: 25+ jumbos
Size 2 diapers generally to up to 18 lbs. The baby will reach this weight at about 7 months.
Size 3: 70+ jumbos
Up to 28 lbs. The baby will reach this weight at about two years old. You'll be in size 3s for a LONG time.
Size 4: 40+ jumbos
Hopefully this is the last size you'll need. Most kids will use this size until they're potty trained.
Read full article from Using Growth Charts to Predict Diaper Needs | Baby Cheapskate
All You Need to Know: Chase Total Checking
$12 $1500 Direct Deposits totaling $500 or more made to this account OR an average daily balance of $5,000 or more in any combination of qualifying linked deposits/investments.Read full article from All You Need to Know: Chase Total Checking
Nutrition in Infants - Pediatrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition
If the delivery was uncomplicated and the neonate is alert and healthy, the neonate can be brought to the mother for feeding immediately. Successful breastfeeding is enhanced by putting the neonate to the breast as soon as possible after delivery. Spitting mucus after feeding is common (because gastroesophageal smooth muscle is lax) but should subside within 48 h. If spitting mucus or emesis persists past 48 h or if vomit is bilious, complete evaluation of the upper GI and respiratory tracts is needed to detect congenital GI anomalies (see Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies).
Daily fluid and calorie requirements vary with age and are proportionately greater in neonates and infants than in older children and adults ( Calorie Requirements at Different Ages*). Relative requirements for protein and energy (g or kcal/kg body weight) decline progressively from the end of infancy through adolescence ( Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes* for Some Macronutrients, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies), but absolute requirements increase. For example, protein requirements decrease from 1.2 g/kg/day at 1 yr to 0.9 g/kg/day at 18 yr, and mean relative energy requirements decrease from 100 kcal/kg at 1 yr to 40 kcal/kg in late adolescence. Nutritional recommendations are generally not evidence-based. Requirements for vitamins depend on the source of nutrition (eg, breast milk vs standard infant formula), maternal dietary factors, and daily intake.
Minor variations in day-to-day food intake are common and, although often of concern to parents, usually require only reassurance and guidance unless there are signs of disease or changes in growth parameters, particularly weight (changes in the child's percentile rank on standard growth curves are more significant than absolute changes).
Loss of > 5 to 7% of birth weight in the first week indicates undernutrition. Birth weight should be regained by 2 wk, and a subsequent gain of about 20 to 30 g/day (1 oz/day) is expected for the first few months. Infants should double their birth weight by about 6 mo.
Breast milk is the nutrition of choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for a minimum of 6 mo and introduction of appropriate solid food from 6 mo to 1 yr. Beyond 1 yr, breastfeeding continues for as long as both infant and mother desire, although after 1 yr breastfeeding should complement a full diet of solid foods and fluids. To encourage breastfeeding, practitioners should begin discussions prenatally, mentioning the multiple advantages:
For the child: Nutritional and cognitive advantages and protection against infection, allergies, obesity, Crohn disease, and diabetes
For the mother: Reduced fertility during lactation, more rapid return to normal prepartum condition (eg, uterine involution, weight loss), and protection against osteoporosis, obesity, and ovarian and premenopausal breast cancers
Milk production is fully established in primiparas by 72 to 96 h and in less time in multiparas. The first milk produced is colostrum, a high-calorie, high-protein, thin yellow fluid that is immunoprotective because it is rich in antibodies, lymphocytes, and macrophages; colostrum also stimulates passage of meconium. Subsequent breast milk has the following characteristics:
Has a high lactose content, providing a readily available energy source compatible with neonatal enzymes
Contains large amounts of vitamin E, an important antioxidant that may help prevent anemia by increasing erythrocyte life span
Has a Ca:P ratio of 2:1, which prevents Ca-deficiency tetany
Favorably changes the pH of stools and the intestinal flora, thus protecting against bacterial diarrhea
Transfers protective antibodies from mother to infant
Contains cholesterol and taurine, which are important to brain growth, regardless of the mother's diet
Is a natural source of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids
These fatty acids and their very long-chain polyunsaturated derivatives (LC-PUFAS), arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are believed to contribute to the enhanced visual and cognitive outcomes of breastfed compared with formula-fed infants. Most commercial formulas are now supplemented with ARA and DHA to more closely resemble breast milk and to reduce these potential developmental differences.
If the mother's diet is sufficiently diverse, no dietary or vitamin supplementation is needed for the mother or her term breastfed infant. However, to prevent vitamin D deficiency rickets, vitamin D 200 units once/day beginning in the first 2 mo is given to all infants who are exclusively breastfed. Premature and dark-skinned infants and infants with limited sunlight exposure (residence in northern climates) are especially at risk of vitamin D deficiency. After 6 mo, breastfed infants in homes where the water does not have adequate fluoride (supplemental or natural) should be given fluoride drops. Clinicians can obtain information about fluoride content from a local dentist or health department.
Infants < 6 mo should not be given additional water because hyponatremia is a risk.
The mother should use whatever comfortable, relaxed position works best and should support her breast with her hand to ensure that it is centered in the infant's mouth, minimizing any soreness. The center of the infant's lower lip should be stimulated with the nipple so that rooting occurs and the mouth opens wide. The infant should be encouraged to take in as much of the breast and areola as possible, placing the lips 2.5 to 4 cm from the base of the nipple. The infant's tongue then compresses the nipple against the hard palate. Initially, it takes at least 2 min for the let-down reflex to occur. Volume of milk increases as the infant grows and stimulation from suckling increases. Feeding duration is usually determined by the infant. Some mothers require a breast pump to increase or maintain milk production; in most mothers, a total of 90 min/day of breast pumping divided into 6 to 8 sessions produces enough milk for an infant who is not directly breastfed.
The infant should nurse on one breast until the breast softens and suckling slows or stops. The mother can then break suction with a finger before removing the infant from one breast and offering the infant the second. In the first days after birth, infants may nurse on only one side; then the mother should alternate sides with each feeding. If the infant tends to fall asleep before adequately nursing, the mother can remove the infant when suckling slows, burp the infant, and move the infant to the other side. This switch keeps the infant awake for feedings and stimulates milk production in both breasts.
Mothers should be encouraged to feed on demand or about every 1½ to 3 h (8 to 12 feedings/day), a frequency that gradually decreases over time; some neonates < 2500 g may need to feed even more frequently to prevent hypoglycemia. In the first few days, neonates may need to be wakened and stimulated; small infants and late preterm infants should not be allowed to sleep long periods at night. Large full-term infants who are feeding well (as evidenced by stooling pattern) can sleep longer. Eventually, a schedule that allows infants to sleep as long as possible at night is usually best for the infant and family.
Mothers who work outside the home can pump breast milk to maintain milk production while they are separated from their infants. Frequency varies but should approximate the infant's feeding schedule. Pumped breast milk should be immediately refrigerated if it is to be used within 48 h and immediately frozen if it is to be used after 48 h. Refrigerated milk that is not used within 96 h should be discarded because risk of bacterial contamination is high. Frozen milk should be thawed by placing it in warm water; microwaving is not recommended.
The primary complication is underfeeding, which may lead to dehydration and hyperbilirubinemia (see Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia). Risk factors for underfeeding include small or premature infants and mothers who are primiparous, who become ill, or who have had difficult or operative deliveries. A rough assessment of feeding adequacy can be made by daily diaper counts. By age 5 days, a normal neonate wets at least 6 diapers/day and soils at least 4 diapers/day; lower numbers suggest underhydration and undernutrition. Also, stools should have changed from dark meconium at birth to light brown and then yellow. Weight is also a reasonable parameter to follow (see Care of Newborns and Infants:Feeding problems); not attaining growth landmarks suggests undernutrition. Constant fussiness before age 6 wk (when colic may develop unrelated to hunger or thirst) may also indicate underfeeding. Dehydration should be suspected if vigor of the infant's cry decreases or skin becomes turgid; lethargy and sleepiness are extreme signs of dehydration and should prompt testing for hypernatremia.
Common maternal complications include breast engorgement, sore nipples, plugged ducts, mastitis, and anxiety.
Breast engorgement, which occurs during early lactation and may last 24 to 48 h, may be minimized by early frequent feeding. A comfortable nursing brassiere worn 24 h/day can help, as can applying cool compresses after breastfeeding and taking a mild analgesic (eg, ibuprofen). Just before breastfeeding, mothers may have to use massage and warm compresses and express breast milk manually to allow infants to get the swollen areola into their mouth. Excessive expression of milk between feedings facilitates engorgement, so expression should be done only enough to relieve discomfort.
For sore nipples, the infant's position should be checked; sometimes the infant draws in a lip and sucks it, which irritates the nipple. The mother can ease the lip out with her thumb. After feedings, she can express a little milk, letting the milk dry on the nipples. After breastfeeding, cool compresses reduce engorgement and provide further relief.
Plugged ducts manifest as mildly tender lumps in the breasts of lactating women who have no other systemic signs of illness. Continued breastfeeding ensures adequate emptying of the breast. Warm compresses and massage of the affected area before breastfeeding may further aid emptying. Women may also alternate positions because different areas of the breast empty better depending on the infant's position at the breast. A good nursing brassiere is helpful because regular brassieres with wire stays or constricting straps may contribute to milk stasis in a compressed area.
Mastitis is common and manifests as a tender, warm, swollen, wedge-shaped area of breast. It is caused by engorgement, blocking, or plugging of an area of the breast; infection may occur secondarily, most often with penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and less commonly with Streptococcus sp or Escherichia coli. With infection, fever ≥ 38.5° C, chills, and flu-like aching may develop. Diagnosis is by history and examination. Cell counts (WBCs > 10 6 /mL) and cultures of breast milk (bacteria >10 3 /mL) may distinguish infectious from noninfectious mastitis. If symptoms are mild and present <24 h, conservative management (milk removal via breastfeeding or pumping, compresses, analgesics, a supportive brassiere, and stress reduction) may be sufficient. If symptoms do not lessen in 12 to 24 h or if the woman is acutely ill, antibiotics that are safe for breastfeeding infants and effective against S. aureus (eg, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, or cephalexin 500 mg po qid) should be started; duration of treatment is 10 to 14 days. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus should be considered if cases do not respond promptly to these measures or if an abscess is present. Complications of delayed treatment are recurrence and abscess formation. Breastfeeding may continue during treatment.
Maternal anxiety, frustration, and feelings of inadequacy may result from lack of experience with breastfeeding, mechanical difficulties holding the infant and getting the infant to latch on and suck, fatigue, difficulty assessing whether nourishment is adequate, and postpartum physiologic changes. These factors and emotions are the most common reasons mothers stop breastfeeding. Early follow-up with a pediatrician or consultation with a lactation specialist is helpful and effective for preventing early breastfeeding termination.
Read full article from Nutrition in Infants - Pediatrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition
Calcium and Vitamin D: Important at Every Age
Calcium is needed for our heart, muscles, and nerves to function properly and for blood to clot. Inadequate calcium significantly contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Many published studies show that low calcium intake throughout life is associated with low bone mass and high fracture rates. National nutrition surveys have shown that most people are not getting the calcium they need to grow and maintain healthy bones. To find out how much calcium you need, see the Recommended Calcium Intakes (in milligrams) chart below.
| Life-stage group | mg/day |
|---|---|
| Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 2010. | |
| Infants 0 to 6 months | 200 |
| Infants 6 to 12 months | 260 |
| 1 to 3 years old | 700 |
| 4 to 8 years old | 1,000 |
| 9 to 13 years old | 1,300 |
| 14 to 18 years old | 1,300 |
| 19 to 30 years old | 1,000 |
| 31 to 50 years old | 1,000 |
| 51- to 70-year-old males | 1,000 |
| 51- to 70-year-old females | 1,200 |
| 70 years old | 1,200 |
| 14 to 18 years old, pregnant/lactating | 1,300 |
| 19 to 50 years old, pregnant/lactating | 1,000 |
To learn how easily you can include more calcium in your diet without adding much fat, see the Selected Calcium-Rich Foods list below.
| Food | Calcium (mg) |
|---|---|
| Source: The 2004 Surgeon General's Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means to You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2004, pages 12–13. | |
| Fortified oatmeal, 1 packet | 350 |
| Sardines, canned in oil, with edible bones, 3 oz. | 324 |
| Cheddar cheese, 1½ oz. shredded | 306 |
| Milk, nonfat, 1 cup | 302 |
| Milkshake, 1 cup | 300 |
| Yogurt, plain, low-fat, 1 cup | 300 |
| Soybeans, cooked, 1 cup | 261 |
| Tofu, firm, with calcium, ½ cup | 204 |
| Orange juice, fortified with calcium, 6 oz. | 200–260 (varies) |
| Salmon, canned, with edible bones, 3 oz. | 181 |
| Pudding, instant (chocolate, banana, etc.) made with 2% milk, ½ cup | 153 |
| Baked beans, 1 cup | 142 |
| Cottage cheese, 1% milk fat, 1 cup | 138 |
| Spaghetti, lasagna, 1 cup | 125 |
| Frozen yogurt, vanilla, soft-serve, ½ cup | 103 |
| Ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with calcium, 1 cup | 100–1,000 (varies) |
| Cheese pizza, 1 slice | 100 |
| Fortified waffles, 2 | 100 |
| Turnip greens, boiled, ½ cup | 99 |
| Broccoli, raw, 1 cup | 90 |
| Ice cream, vanilla, ½ cup | 85 |
| Soy or rice milk, fortified with calcium, 1 cup | 80–500 (varies) |
Although a balanced diet aids calcium absorption, high levels of protein and sodium (salt) in the diet are thought to increase calcium excretion through the kidneys. Excessive amounts of these substances should be avoided, especially in those with low calcium intake.
Lactose intolerance also can lead to inadequate calcium intake. Those who are lactose intolerant have insufficient amounts of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break down the lactose found in dairy products. To include dairy products in the diet, dairy foods can be taken in small quantities or treated with lactase drops, or lactase can be taken as a pill. Some milk products on the market already have been treated with lactase.
Read full article from Calcium and Vitamin D: Important at Every Age
Calcium in your child's diet | BabyCenter
Calcium is crucial for good health and development. Read on to find out how much calcium your child needs, which sources are the best, and how to avoid getting too little or too much.
Calcium is vital for building strong bones and teeth, promoting nerve and muscle function, helping blood clot, and activating the enzymes that convert food into energy. About 99 percent of the body's calcium is stored in the teeth and bones. And because children are growing new bone all the time, they need a steady supply of calcium to support healthy growth.
Ages 1 to 3 years: 700 milligrams (mg) per day
Ages 4 to 8 years: 1,000 mg per day
Your child doesn't have to get the recommended amount of calcium every day. Instead, aim for that amount as an average over the course of a few days or a week.
Dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese are some of the best sources of calcium, but you'll also find it in some unexpected places. Here are some calcium-rich foods to try:
The amount of calcium a food contains varies somewhat, depending on the brand, the size of the fruit or vegetable, and so on. Kids may eat more or less than the amounts shown, depending on their age and appetite. Estimate the nutrient content accordingly.
Calcium content isn't affected by fat, but the dietary fat in dairy products plays an important role in your child's development. Children younger than 2 need to get half their calories from fat for healthy growth and brain development, so they should eat only full-fat dairy products. But unless your doctor advises otherwise, children older than 2 need to get fewer calories from fat, so they should eat low-fat or nonfat dairy products to maintain a healthy weight.
Some experts believe that many children are falling short of their calcium requirement. This could be partly because juice and other nondairy drinks are so popular that kids are drinking less milk. Here are some simple steps you can take to make sure your child gets enough calcium:
An extremely high level of calcium in the blood is usually due to an underlying medical condition rather than consuming too much calcium in food and supplements. The Institute of Medicine recommends that kids age 1 to 8 get no more than 2,500 mg of calcium daily – that's roughly the equivalent of eight 8-ounce glasses of milk. While it's a good idea to keep an eye on how much calcium your child gets from her diet, it's unlikely that she will get too much calcium from food alone.
Calcium supplements, on the other hand, can sometimes be a problem. For instance, taking excess calcium supplements has been linked to a higher risk of kidney stones.
A couple of notes of caution: If your child is a big milk drinker, make sure she's not getting too many extra calories from milk alone, or that she doesn't fill up on milk and then have no appetite for other healthy foods. Also, too much calcium can cause constipation.
Read full article from Calcium in your child's diet | BabyCenter
A Dependent Care FSA lets you use pretax dollars to pay for eligible expenses related to care for your child, disabled spouse, elderly parent, or other dependent who is physically or mentally incapable of self-care, so you can work, or if you're married, for your spouse to work, look for work or attend school full time.
The alternative to using a Dependent Care FSA is to take a dependent care tax credit when you file your federal income taxes. Your preferred method depends on your income, number of eligible dependents, and other factors; however, Dependent Care FSAs usually provide the greater tax advantage for most people, especially as income increases. Check with a tax advisor to help decide which is best for you.
Read full article from How Dependent Care FSAs work
1、奇异果
又称弥猴桃，味甘性冷，维生素C含量极高，有解热、止渴、利尿、通乳的功效，常食可强化免疫系统。对于剖腹产术后恢复有利。因其性冷，食用前用热水烫温。每日一个为宜。
2、木瓜
木瓜中含有一种木瓜素，有高度分解蛋白质的能力，鱼肉、蛋品等食物在极短时间内便可被它分解成人体很容易吸收的养分，直接刺激母体乳腺的分泌。同时，木瓜自身的营养成分较高，故又称木瓜为乳瓜。 产妇产后乳汁稀少或乳汁不下，均可用木瓜与鱼同炖后食用。
虽然奇异果和木瓜都有催奶的功效，但是产妇催奶并不能仅仅靠水果，因为水果催奶效果不是很明显，应该结合自己的情况，多吃些催奶的食谱。
Read full article from 产妇吃什么水果下奶_新生儿 - 妈妈网百科
【产妇吃什么下奶】催奶食谱_催奶的食物_催乳汤_产妇吃什么催乳_亲子百科_太平洋亲子网
催奶的食物有以下这些：
花生：花生可用于脾虚反胃、水肿、妇女白带、贫血及各种出血症及肺燥咳嗽、干咳久咳、产后催乳等病症。
丝瓜：丝瓜络是一种中药材，络味甘，性寒，如果出现乳腺炎症，发奶时有包块，乳汁分泌不畅时，中医会建议将丝瓜络放在高汤内炖煮，可以起到通调乳房气血，催乳和开胃化痰的功效。
茭白：不仅好吃，营养丰富，而且含有碳水化合物、蛋白质、维生素B1、B2、维生素C及多种矿物质。祖国医学认为茭白性味甘冷，有解热毒、防烦渴、利二便和催乳功效。现在多用茭白、猪蹄、同煮食用，有较好的催乳作用。
豌豆：豌豆又称青小豆，性味甘平，含磷十分丰富，每百克约含磷400毫克。豌豆有利小便、生津液、解疮毒、止泻痢、通乳之功效。青豌豆煮熟淡食或用豌豆苗捣烂榨汁服用，皆可通乳。
豆腐：豆腐有益气和中，生津润燥，清热解毒之功效。也是一种催乳食物。以豆腐、红糖、酒酿加水煮服，可以生乳。
汤水：都说汤水足，有利于下奶。可以根据妈妈的口味选择不同的催乳汤，如花生炖猪脚、鲫鱼汤，山药炖母鸡汤、清炖乌鸡汤、酒酿蛋花汤等。但是妈妈要注意哦，不要饮用麦乳精等含有麦芽的饮品，因为会导致回奶的。
黑芝麻：黑芝麻含有多种人体必需的氨基酸，在维生素E、维生素B1的作用参与下，能加速人体的代谢功能；黑芝麻中的铁和维生素E是预防贫血、活化脑细胞、消除血管胆固醇的重要成分，妈妈身体好了，自然就能下奶。
莴笋：莴笋分叶用和茎用两种，都具有各种丰富的营养素。其中除铁质外，其它营养均是叶子比茎含量高，因此，食用莴笋时，最好不要将叶子弃而不食。
金针菜：金针菜营养成分十分丰富，每100克干品含蛋白质14。1克，这几乎与动物肉相近。此外，还含有大量的维生素B1、B2等。
关注微信快乐孕期（hy280t） 即可了解孕期产后饮食宜忌、1-40周按胎儿所需补充营养
Read full article from 【产妇吃什么下奶】催奶食谱_催奶的食物_催乳汤_产妇吃什么催乳_亲子百科_太平洋亲子网
Age-by-age guide to feeding your baby | BabyCenter
Use this guide to find out what and how much to feed your child in the first year. The amounts are meant as rough guidelines only, so don't worry if your little one eats a bit more or less than shown. It's a good idea to discuss your solid feeding plan with your child's doctor before getting started.
You don't have to introduce foods to your child in any special order. If you want to give your baby a taste of tofu at age 6 months, go ahead, even though it's not listed on our chart until age 8 months. And while cereal is a traditional first food in the United States, it's just fine to start with mashed fruits or vegetables instead. See our new rules for feeding your baby and ideas for adventurous first foods.
In most cases, you won't have to wait to introduce highly allergenic foods like eggs, fish, and peanuts, either (read more about food allergies). Ask your doctor, though, to be sure – and see our tips for introducing new foods, below.
Read full article from Age-by-age guide to feeding your baby | BabyCenter
Feeding Guide for the First Year | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library
Don't give solid foods unless your child's health care provider advises you to do so. Solid foods should not be started before age 4 months because:
Breast milk or formula provides your baby all the nutrients that are needed for growth.
Your baby isn't physically developed enough to eat solid food from a spoon.
Feeding your baby solid food too early may lead to overfeeding and being overweight.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all infants, children, and adolescents take in enough vitamin D through supplements, formula, or cow's milk to prevent complications from deficiency of this vitamin. In November 2008, the AAP updated its recommendations for daily intake of vitamin D for healthy infants, children, and adolescents. It is now recommended that the minimum intake of vitamin D for these groups should be 400 IU per day, beginning soon after birth. Your baby's health care provider can recommend the proper type and amount of vitamin D supplement for your baby.
| Age | Amount of formula per feeding | Number of feedings per 24 hours |
| 1 month | 2 to 4 ounces | 6 to 8 times |
|---|---|---|
| 2 months | 5 to 6 ounces | 5 to 6 times |
| 3 to 5 months | 6 to 7 ounces | 5 to 6 times |
These are some things to consider when feeding your baby:
When starting solid foods, give your baby one new food at a time — not mixtures (like cereal and fruit or meat dinners). Give the new food for 3 to 5 days before adding another new food. This way you can tell what foods your baby may be allergic to or can't tolerate.
Begin with small amounts of new solid foods — a teaspoon at first and slowly increase to a tablespoon.
Begin with dry infant rice cereal first, mixed as directed, followed by vegetables, fruits, and then meats.
Don't use salt or sugar when making homemade infant foods. Canned foods may contain large amounts of salt and sugar and shouldn't be used for baby food. Always wash and peel fruits and vegetables and remove seeds or pits. Take special care with fruits and vegetables that come into contact with the ground. They may contain botulism spores that cause food poisoning.
Infant cereals with iron should be given to your infant until your infant is age 18 months.
Cow's milk shouldn't be added to the diet until your infant is age 1. Cow's milk doesn't provide the proper nutrients for your baby.
The AAP recommends not giving fruit juices to infants younger than age 6 months. Only pasteurized, 100% fruit juices (without added sugar) may be given to older infants and children, and should be limited to 4 ounces a day. Dilute the juice with water and offer it in a cup with a meal.
Feed all food with a spoon. Your baby needs to learn to eat from a spoon. Don't use an infant feeder. Only formula and water should go into the bottle.
Avoid honey in any form for your child's first year, as it can cause infant botulism.
Don't put your baby in bed with a bottle propped in his or her mouth. Propping a bottle has been linked to an increased risk of ear infections. Once your baby's teeth are present, propping the bottle can also cause tooth decay. There is also a risk of choking.
Help your baby to give up the bottle by his or her first birthday.
Avoid the "clean plate syndrome." Forcing your child to eat all the food on his or her plate even when he or she isn't hungry isn't a good habit. It teaches your child to eat just because the food is there, not because he or she is hungry. Expect a smaller and pickier appetite as the baby's growth rate slows around age 1.
Infants and young children shouldn't eat hot dogs, nuts, seeds, round candies, popcorn, hard, raw fruits and vegetables, grapes, or peanut butter. These foods aren't safe and may cause your child to choke. Many health care providers suggest these foods be saved until after your child is age 3 or 4. Always watch a young child while he or she is eating. Insist that the child sit down to eat or drink.
Healthy infants usually require little or no extra water, except in very hot weather. When solid food is first fed to your baby, extra water is often needed.
Don't limit your baby's food choices to the ones you like. Offering a wide variety of foods early will pave the way for good eating habits later.
Fat and cholesterol shouldn't be restricted in the diets of very young children, unless advised by your child's health care provider. Children need calories, fat, and cholesterol for the development of their brains and nervous systems, and for general growth.
Read full article from Feeding Guide for the First Year | Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library
